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It may be concentrated to produce commercial-or merchant-grade phosphoric acid, which contains about 54–62% P 2 O 5 (75–85% H 3 PO 4). Further removal of water yields superphosphoric acid with a P 2 O 5 concentration above 70% (corresponding to nearly 100% H 3 PO 4). The phosphoric acid from both processes may be further purified by ...
An ICE table or RICE box or RICE chart is a tabular system of keeping track of changing concentrations in an equilibrium reaction. ICE stands for initial, change, equilibrium . It is used in chemistry to keep track of the changes in amount of substance of the reactants and also organize a set of conditions that one wants to solve with. [ 1 ]
Example Bjerrum plot: Change in carbonate system of seawater from ocean acidification.. A Bjerrum plot (named after Niels Bjerrum), sometimes also known as a Sillén diagram (after Lars Gunnar Sillén), or a Hägg diagram (after Gunnar Hägg) [1] is a graph of the concentrations of the different species of a polyprotic acid in a solution, as a function of pH, [2] when the solution is at ...
When both the standard enthalpy change and acid dissociation constant have been determined, the standard entropy change is easily calculated from the equation above. In the following table, the entropy terms are calculated from the experimental values of pK a and ΔH ⊖. The data were critically selected and refer to 25 °C and zero ionic ...
K a is variously named a dissociation constant, [3] an acid ionization constant, [2]: 668 an acidity constant [1] or an ionization constant. [ 2 ] : 708 It serves as an indicator of the acid strength: stronger acids have a higher K a value (and a lower p K a value).
, is practically the only species present. Around pH 9.8 (mid-way between the second and third pK a values) the monohydrogen phosphate ion, [HPO 4] 2−, is the only species present. At pH 13 or higher, the acid is completely dissociated as the phosphate ion, (PO 4) 3−.