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A medieval depiction of the Ecumene (1482, Johannes Schnitzer, engraver), constructed after the coordinates in Ptolemy's Geography and using his second map projection. The translation into Latin and dissemination of Geography in Europe, in the beginning of the 15th century, marked the rebirth of scientific cartography, after more than a millennium of stagnation.
Norman J. W. Thrower (1919–2002), professor at UCLA and author who was known for work in geography, surveying practices, and history; Waldo R. Tobler (1930–2018), developed the first law of geography; Judith Tyner (United States, born 1939), professor emerita of geography at California State University, Long Beach
The work includes an atlas of charts for small segments of the mediterranean, accompanied by sailing instructions covering the sea. In the second version of the work, he included a map of the Americas. [73]: 106 The Piri Reis map drawn by the Ottoman cartographer Piri Reis in 1513, is one of the oldest surviving maps to show the Americas.
Gerardus Mercator (/ dʒ ɪ ˈ r ɑːr d ə s m ɜːr ˈ k eɪ t ər /; [a] [b] [c] 5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) [d] was a Flemish geographer, cosmographer and cartographer.He is most renowned for creating the 1569 world map based on a new projection which represented sailing courses of constant bearing (rhumb lines) as straight lines—an innovation that is still employed in nautical charts.
Traditionally, this was the primary determinant of quality cartography. It is now accepted, due largely to studies in Critical cartography, that no dataset or map is a perfect reproduction of reality, and that the subjective biases and motivations of the cartographer are virtually impossible to circumvent. That said, maps can still be crafted ...
Prior to Tobler's work, cartograms were created by hand (as they occasionally still are). The National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis located on the UCSB campus maintains an online Cartogram Central Archived 2016-10-05 at the Wayback Machine with resources regarding cartograms. A number of software packages generate cartograms.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cartography: Cartography (also called mapmaking ) – study and practice of making and using maps or globes . Maps have traditionally been made using pen and paper , but the advent and spread of computers has revolutionized cartography.
An extensive work that provides the epigraphy of the Holy Land relating to construction, dedication, religious endowments, epitaphs, Quranic texts, prayers and invocations. His work has been instrumental in the continued analysis of original texts of the Crusades. Current volumes cover A through J, Part 1. Seventh volume partially covers Jerusalem.