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Fluoride or fluorine deficiency is a disorder which may cause increased dental caries [1] and possibly osteoporosis, [2] [3] due to a lack of fluoride in diet. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Common dietary sources of fluoride include tea, grape juice, wine, raisins, some seafood, coffee, and tap water that has been fluoridated . [ 6 ]
Symptoms are mainly promoted in the bone structure. Due to a high fluoride concentration in the body, the bone is hardened and thus less elastic, resulting in an increased frequency of fractures. [2] Other symptoms include thickening of the bone structure and accumulation of bone tissue, which both contribute to impaired joint mobility.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to more porous bone, and consequent increase in fracture risk. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly . [ 3 ]
Bisphosphonates are used to treat osteoporosis, osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of the bone), bone metastasis (with or without hypercalcemia), multiple myeloma, and other conditions involving fragile, breakable bone. In osteoporosis and Paget's, the most popular first-line bisphosphonate drugs are alendronate and risedronate.
Fluoride therapy is the use of fluoride for medical purposes. [2] Fluoride supplements are recommended to prevent tooth decay in children older than six months in areas where the drinking water is low in fluoride. [3] It is typically used as a liquid, pill, or paste by mouth. [4] Fluoride has also been used to treat a number of bone diseases. [5]
The mutations in the gene that causes osteoporosis-pseudoglioma either impaire the cells' ability to produce LRP5 protein or they change the single amino acids in the protein. They cannot insert themselves into the outside of the cell, which in turn does not allow them to do their function.
Low potassium also increases the risk of an abnormal heart rhythm, which is often too slow and can cause cardiac arrest. [ 21 ] [ 27 ] Causes of potassium deficiencyinclude vomiting, diarrhea , medications like furosemide and steroids , dialysis , diabetes insipidus , hyperaldosteronism , hypomagnesemia , and not enough intake in the diet. [ 21 ]
Osteoporosis, a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fractures, is a major concern in bone health, particularly among older adults. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Maintaining good bone health involves a combination of adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, regular weight-bearing exercise, and avoiding risk factors ...