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This is a list of prices of chemical elements. Listed here are mainly average market prices for bulk trade of commodities. Data on elements' abundance in Earth's crust is added for comparison. As of 2020, the most expensive non-synthetic element by both mass and volume is rhodium.
Subject Area - subject area of the book; Topic - topic (within the subject area) Collection - belongs to a collection listed in the table above; Date - date (year range) book was written/composed; Reign of - king/ruler in whose reign this book was written (occasionally a book could span reigns) Reign Age - extent of the reign
Other metal objects made by Indian artisans include lamps. [33] Copper was also a component in the razors for the tonsure ceremony. [15] One of the most important sources of history in the Indian subcontinent are the royal records of grants engraved on copper-plate grants (tamra-shasan or tamra-patra). Because copper does not rust or decay ...
Arnold, David (2004), The New Cambridge History of India: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-56319-4. Balasubramaniam, R. (2002), Delhi Iron Pillar: New Insights, Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, ISBN 81-7305-223-9. Bouri, Nisha.
Soluble boron arranges in steels along grain boundaries. This inhibits the γ-α transformations (austenite to ferrite transformation) by diffusion and therefore increases the hardenability, with an optimal range of ~ 0.0003 to 0.003% B. [1] Additionally Fe 2 B has been found to precipitate at grain boundaries, which may also retard the γ-α transformations . [1]
Another sign of its reputation is seen in a Persian phrase – to give an "Indian answer", meaning "a cut with an Indian sword". [8] Wootz steel was widely exported and traded throughout ancient Europe and the Arab world, and became particularly famous in the Middle East. [8] Detail of 17th–18th C. Indian tulwar/shamshir
The coinage metals comprise those metallic chemical elements and alloys which have been used to mint coins. Historically, most coinage metals are from the three nonradioactive members of group 11 of the periodic table: copper, silver and gold. Copper is usually augmented with tin or other metals to form bronze.
Extant evidence of the earliest Metal currency in the South and East of India is later than the North West, [21] and coeval with the Northern Black Polished Ware culture, minted before the Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE), [23] with radio carbon dating indicating post 5th century BCE dates. [21]