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Similarly to other antibiotics, nitrofurantoin has been associated with increased risk of Clostridioides difficile infection and associated diarrhea. [51] [52] However, this was based on a single study in which only two cases occurred. [51] [52] Other sources state that nitrofurantoin has a low risk of Clostridioides difficile infection. [21]
The metabolites show antibiotic and antiprotozoal activity in vitro. [61] Metronidazole and its metabolites are mainly excreted via the kidneys (77%) and to a lesser extent via the faeces (14%). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The biological half-life of metronidazole in healthy adults is eight hours, in infants during the first two months of their lives about 23 ...
Antibiotic prophylaxis in domestic animal feed mixes has been employed in America since at least 1970. [1] Over time, the use of antibiotics for growth promotion purposes in livestock was discovered. In 1986, some European countries banned the use of antibiotics because of research they found that linked antibiotic use in livestock and drug ...
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One or both ingredients may be antibiotics. [1] Antibiotic combinations are increasingly important because of antimicrobial resistance. [2] This means that individual antibiotics that used to be effective are no longer effective, [1] and because of the absence of new classes of antibiotic, they allow old antibiotics to be continue to be used. [2]
β-Lactam antibiotics are indicated for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms. At first, β-lactam antibiotics were mainly active only against gram-positive bacteria, yet the recent development of broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics active against various gram-negative organisms has increased their usefulness.
Tetracyclines are generally used in the treatment of infections of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, and the intestines and are also used in the treatment of chlamydia, especially in patients allergic to β-lactams and macrolides; however, their use for these indications is less popular than it once was due to widespread development of resistance in the causative organisms.
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