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The third gender role of nádleehi (meaning "one who is transformed" or "one who changes"), beyond contemporary Anglo-American definition limits of gender, is part of the Navajo Nation society, a "two-spirit" cultural role. The renowned 19th-century Navajo artist Hosteen Klah (1849–1896) is an example. [32] [33] [34]
Sámi culture traditionally contained certain matriarchal elements. Traditional Sámi gender norms were disrupted and changed by the Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, and Russian colonization of Sápmi. Many Sámi feminists believe that the Christianization of the Sámi people by colonial governments and Christian missionaries contributed to the ...
Women’s preferences are shaped by cultural and social norms, gender biases of teachers and parents, and the emotional and nonverbal reactions they experience throughout adulthood. [20] A meta-analysis revealed no gender difference between adult men and women in similar occupations regarding their desire for leadership, promotions, or autonomy ...
In cultures where the gender binary is prominent and important, transgender people are a major exception to the societal norms related to gender. [3] Intersex people, those who cannot be biologically determined as either male or female, are another obvious deviation. Other cultures have their own practices independent of the Western gender binary.
X-gender; X-jendā [49] Xenogender [22] [50] can be defined as a gender identity that references "ideas and identities outside of gender". [27]: 102 This may include descriptions of gender identity in terms of "their first name or as a real or imaginary animal" or "texture, size, shape, light, sound, or other sensory characteristics". [27]: 102
Jewish law, or halacha, recognizes intersex and non-conforming gender identities in addition to male and female. [5] [6] Rabbinical literature recognizes six different genders, defined according to the development and presentation of primary and secondary sex characteristics at birth and later in life. [7]
Gender is used as a means of describing the distinction between the biological sex and socialized aspects of femininity and masculinity. [9] According to West and Zimmerman, gender is not a personal trait; it is "an emergent feature of social situations: both as an outcome of and a rationale for various social arrangements, and as a means of legitimating one of the most fundamental divisions ...
A sexual norm can refer to a personal or a social norm. Most cultures have social norms regarding sexuality, and define normal sexuality to consist only of certain sex acts between individuals who meet specific age criteria, nonconsanguinity (vs. incest), race/ethnicity (vs. interracial relationships), and/or social role and socioeconomic status.