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In Understanding media, Marshall McLuhan offered a quite broad definition of a medium as "an extension of ourselves": "In a culture like ours, long accustomed to splitting and dividing all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that, in operational and practical fact, the medium is the message.
Research shows that when a bilingual individual proficient in both uses only L1 or L2, both languages are simultaneously active, phonologically and semantically, [40] [41] and share overlapping neural representations [42] [43] [44] This activation is shown by electrophysiological measures of performance when listening to speech, reading words ...
While programs offering English language skills have broadened access to English internationally, they have been criticized for promoting linguistic imperialism, a phenomenon that entails the transfer of a dominant language to minority language speakers as a result of hegemonic and economic power structures. [12]
Portales was a case that dictated when a "substantial group" of students with limited English proficiency was present, bilingual education was required. [20] Aspira v. N.Y. Board of Education required testing for students in English and their native language in order to understand if they should receive additional services and bilingual education.
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Sight translation combines interpretation and translation; the interpreter must render the source-language document to the target-language as if it were written in the target language. Sight translation occurs usually, but not exclusively, in judicial and medical work.
The Interpretive Theory of Translation [1] (ITT) is a concept from the field of Translation Studies.It was established in the 1970s by Danica Seleskovitch, a French translation scholar and former Head of the Paris School of Interpreters and Translators (Ecole Supérieure d’Interprètes et de Traducteurs (ESIT), Université Paris 3 - Sorbonne Nouvelle).
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