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The one-electron universe postulate, proposed by theoretical physicist John Wheeler in a telephone call to Richard Feynman in the spring of 1940, is the hypothesis that all electrons and positrons are actually manifestations of a single entity moving backwards and forwards in time.
For example, in the vicinity of a typical star the ratio of radiation-to-gravity force on a hydrogen atom or ion, = =,, hence radiation force is negligible in general, except perhaps around a luminous O-type star of mass , or around a black hole accreting gas at the Eddington limit so that its luminosity-to-mass ratio / is defined by =.
where t is the age of the universe, is the speed of light and r e is the classical electron radius. Hence, in units where c = 1 and r e = 1, the age of the universe is about 10 40 units of time. This is the same order of magnitude as the ratio of the electrical to the gravitational forces between a proton and an electron:
For example, if an electron in a cyclotron is moving in circles with a relativistic velocity, the mass of the cyclotron+electron system is increased by the relativistic mass of the electron, not by the electron's rest mass. But the same is also true of any closed system, such as an electron-and-box, if the electron bounces at high speed inside ...
A star system of two stars is known as a binary star, binary star system or physical double star. If there are no tidal effects, no perturbation from other forces, and no transfer of mass from one star to the other, such a system is stable, and both stars will trace out an elliptical orbit around the barycenter of the system indefinitely.
The compression caused by the collapse raises the temperature until thermonuclear fusion occurs at the center of the star, at which point the collapse gradually comes to a halt as the outward thermal pressure balances the gravitational forces. The star then exists in a state of dynamic equilibrium. During the star's evolution a star might ...
The internal structure of a main sequence star depends upon the mass of the star. In stars with masses of 0.3–1.5 solar masses (M ☉), including the Sun, hydrogen-to-helium fusion occurs primarily via proton–proton chains, which do not establish a steep temperature gradient. Thus, radiation dominates in the inner portion of solar mass stars.
This force is balanced by the electron degeneracy pressure keeping the star stable. [4] In metals, the positive nuclei are partly ionized and spaced by normal interatomic distances. Gravity has negligible effect; the positive ion cores are attracted to the negatively charged electron gas. This force is balanced by the electron degeneracy pressure.