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The observer-expectancy effect [a] is a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment. Confirmation bias can lead to the experimenter interpreting results incorrectly because of the tendency to look for information that conforms to their hypothesis, and ...
The definition can be further expanded upon to include the systematic difference between what is observed due to variation in observers, and what the true value is. [2] Observer bias is the tendency of observers to not see what is there, but instead to see what they expect or want to see.
Observer-expectancy effect, a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment Observer bias , a detection bias in research studies resulting for example from an observer's cognitive biases
Observer-expectancy effect, when a researcher expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment or misinterprets data in order to find it (see also subject-expectancy effect). Selective perception, the tendency for expectations to affect perception.
The observer-expectancy effect is when a researcher's expectations cause them to subconsciously influence the people participating in an experiment. It is usually controlled using a double-blind system , and was an important reason for the development of double-blind experiments.
The main observer biases to be wary of are expectancy effects. When the observer has an expectation as to what they will observe, they are more likely to report that they saw what they expected. [7] One of the best ways to deal with observer biases is to acknowledge their existence and actively combat their effects.
Irving Langmuir coined the phrase pathological science in a talk in 1953.. Pathological science, as defined by Langmuir, is a psychological process in which a scientist, originally conforming to the scientific method, unconsciously veers from that method, and begins a pathological process of wishful data interpretation (see the observer-expectancy effect and cognitive bias).
Observer effect (information technology) (computer programming) Observer effect (physics) (physics) Observer-expectancy effect (cognitive biases) (cognitive psychology) Occlusion effect (biology) (otology) Octave effect (effects units) Okorokov effect (physics) Oligodynamic effect (biology and pharmacology of chemical elements)