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The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, golden-brown algae or golden algae, are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater. [3] Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species, Prymnesium parvum , which causes fish kills .
Diatoms belong to a large group called the heterokonts, which include both autotrophs such as golden algae and kelp; and heterotrophs such as water moulds. The classification of heterokonts is still unsettled: they may be designated a division , phylum , kingdom , or something intermediate to those.
Diatoms can be obtained from multiple sources. [86] Marine diatoms can be collected by direct water sampling, and benthic forms can be secured by scraping barnacles, oyster and other shells. Diatoms are frequently present as a brown, slippery coating on submerged stones and sticks, and may be seen to "stream" with river current.
The Coscinodiscophyceae are a class(s) of diatoms. [1] They are similar to the Centrales, a traditional, paraphyletic subdivision of the heterokont algae known as diatoms. [2] [3] [4] The order is named for the shape of the cell walls (or valves or frustules) of centric diatoms, which are circular or ellipsoid in valve view.
DNA barcoding of algae is commonly used for species identification and phylogenetic studies. Algae form a phylogenetically heterogeneous group, meaning that the application of a single universal barcode/marker for species delimitation is unfeasible, thus different markers/barcodes are applied for this aim in different algal groups.
Chrysophyta or golden algae is a term used to refer to certain heterokonts. Dinobryon sp. from Shishitsuka Pond, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It can be used to refer to: Chrysophyceae (golden algae), Bacillariophyceae (diatoms), and Xanthophyceae (yellow-green algae) together. [1] E.g., Pascher (1914). [2]
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Diatoms are enclosed in protective silica (glass) shells called frustules. Each frustule is made from two interlocking parts covered with tiny holes through which the diatom exchanges nutrients and wastes. [156] The frustules of dead diatoms drift to the ocean floor where, over millions of years, they can build up as much as half a mile deep. [160]