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The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP or CoP) of a heat pump, refrigerator or air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to work (energy) required. [1] [2] Higher COPs equate to higher efficiency, lower energy (power) consumption and thus lower operating costs. The COP is used in thermodynamics.
Their efficiency is measured by a coefficient of performance (COP). Heat pumps are measured by the efficiency with which they give off heat to the hot reservoir, COP heating; refrigerators and air conditioners by the efficiency with which they take up heat from the cold space, COP cooling:
Air-conditioner sizes are often given as "tons" of cooling, where 1 ton of cooling equals 12,000 BTU/h (3.5 kW). 1 ton of cooling equals the amount of power that needs to be applied continuously over a 24-hour period to melt 1 ton of ice. The annual cost of electric energy consumed by an air conditioner may be calculated as follows:
The HSPF is related to the non-dimensional Coefficient of Performance (COP) for a heat pump, which measures the ratio of heat delivered to work done by the compressor. The HSPF can be converted to a seasonally-averaged COP assuming a lossless compressor and no heat loss by multiplying by the heat/energy equivalence factor .29307111 watts per BTU.
Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pump, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. [1] A heat pump is a mechanical system that transmits heat from one location (the "source") at a certain temperature to another location (the "sink" or "heat sink") at a higher temperature. [2]
The performance of the absorption heat pump is indicated by the coefficient of performance (COP). The COP is the ratio of the removed (for refrigeration) or provided (for heating) heat to the energy input. At present, the maximum temperature of its output does not exceed 150 °C. The temperature rise ΔT is generally 30–50 °C.
Cooling capacity is the measure of a cooling system's ability to remove heat. [1] It is equivalent to the heat supplied to the evaporator/boiler part of the refrigeration cycle and may be called the "rate of refrigeration" or "refrigeration capacity".
For example, for HVAC systems seeking to cool and dehumidify, it is reasonable to define their second law efficiencies for cooling and dehumidification by calculating exergy changes of all incoming and outgoing air and water streams, while assuming a target supply air temperature and humidity. [3]