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Earl Robert Babbie (born January 8, 1938), is an American sociologist who holds the position of Campbell Professor Emeritus in Behavioral Sciences at Chapman University. He is best known for his book The Practice of Social Research (first published in 1975), currently in its 15th English edition, with numerous non-English editions.
Earl Babbie, The Practice of Social Research, 10th edition, Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc., ISBN 0-534-62029-9 W. Lawrence Neuman, Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches , 6th edition, Allyn & Bacon, 2006, ISBN 0-205-45793-2
Garfinkel expanded on this idea by developing ethnomethodology as a qualitative research method for social scientists. Later, in the 1970s and 80s, famous social psychologist Stanley Milgram developed two experiments to observe and quantify responses to breaches in social norms to empirically analyze reactions to violation of those norms.
He is often studied in research methods classes for the ethical questions that his works raised. [15] However, Earl Babbie , who writes about sociological research methods, notes that the controversy about "sociological snoopers" [ 16 ] and research ethics was likely the result of societal homophobia and disgust with the research topic, and not ...
The unit of analysis should also not be confused with the unit of observation.The unit of observation is a subset of the unit of analysis. [citation needed] A study may have a differing unit of observation and unit of analysis: for example, in community research, the research design may collect data at the individual level of observation but the level of analysis might be at the neighborhood ...
Typologies are used in both qualitative and quantitative research. An example of a typology would be classification such as by age and health: young-healthy, young-sick, old-healthy, old-sick. Typological theorizing is the development of theories about configurations of variables that constitute theoretical types. [2]
Earl Babbie identifies three purposes of social-science research: exploratory, descriptive and explanatory. Exploratory research takes place when problems are in a preliminary stage. [7] Exploratory research is used when the topic or issue is new and when data is difficult to collect.
Sociological research methods may be divided into two broad, though often supplementary, categories: [111] Qualitative designs emphasize understanding of social phenomena through direct observation, communication with participants, or analysis of texts, and may stress contextual and subjective accuracy over generality.