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The English word language derives ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s "tongue, speech, language" through Latin lingua, "language; tongue", and Old French language. [8] The word is sometimes used to refer to codes , ciphers , and other kinds of artificially constructed communication systems such as formally defined computer ...
The six factors of an effective verbal communication. To each one corresponds a communication function (not displayed in this picture). [1] Roman Jakobson defined six functions of language (or communication functions), according to which an effective act of verbal communication can be described. [2] Each of the functions has an associated factor.
The grammatical function of ideophones varies by language. In some languages (e.g. Welayta, Yir-Yiront, Semai, Korean), they form a separate word class, while in others, they occur across a number of different word classes (e.g. Mundang, Ewe, Sotho, Hausa). [10] Despite this diversity, ideophones show a number of robust regularities across ...
When using language, humans can make false or meaningless statements. This is an important distinction made of human communication, i.e. language as compared to animal communication. While animal communication can display a few other design features as proposed by Hockett, animal communication is unable to lie or make up something that does not ...
the representational function is the use of language to make statements, convey facts and knowledge, explain, or report to represent reality as the speaker/writer sees it; the interactional function of language serves to ensure social maintenance; the personal function is to express emotions, personality, and "gut-level" reactions;
Paronomasia: pun in which similar-sounding words but words having a different meaning are used. Pathetic fallacy: ascribing human conduct and feelings to nature. Personification: attributing or applying human qualities to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena. Pleonasm: the use of more words than is necessary for clear expression.
The term 'functionalism' or 'functional linguistics' became controversial in the 1980s with the rise of a new wave of evolutionary linguistics. Johanna Nichols argued that the meaning of 'functionalism' had changed, and the terms formalism and functionalism should be taken as referring to generative grammar, and the emergent linguistics of Paul Hopper and Sandra Thompson, respectively; and ...
Linguistic description is often contrasted with linguistic prescription, [8] which is found especially in education and in publishing. [9] [10]As English-linguist Larry Andrews describes it, descriptive grammar is the linguistic approach which studies what a language is like, as opposed to prescriptive, which declares what a language should be like.