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P.OLQA was the working title of an ITU-T standard that covers a model to predict speech quality by means of analyzing digital speech signals. [1] The model was standardized as Recommendation ITU-T P.863 (Perceptual objective listening quality assessment) in 2011.
An Application guide for Recommendation ITU-T P.863 was approved in 2019 and published as ITU-T P.863.1. [6] In addition to the above listed full reference methods, the list of ITU-T's objective voice quality measurement standards also includes ITU-T P.563 [7] (no-reference algorithm).
MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages. Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numeric computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine allowing access to symbolic computing abilities.
The earliest reference to a similar formula appears to be Armstrong (1985, p. 348), where it is called "adjusted MAPE" and is defined without the absolute values in the denominator.
MATLAB was created in the 1970s by Cleve Moler, who was chairman of the computer science department at the University of New Mexico at the time. It was a free tool for academics. Jack Little, who would eventually set up the company, came across the tool while he was a graduate student in electrical engineering at Stanford University.
Gated recurrent units (GRUs) are a gating mechanism in recurrent neural networks, introduced in 2014 by Kyunghyun Cho et al. [1] The GRU is like a long short-term memory (LSTM) with a gating mechanism to input or forget certain features, [2] but lacks a context vector or output gate, resulting in fewer parameters than LSTM. [3]
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The inspiration for this method of community detection is the optimization of modularity as the algorithm progresses. Modularity is a scale value between −1 (non-modular clustering) and 1 (fully modular clustering) that measures the relative density of edges inside communities with respect to edges outside communities.