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Polar motion in arc-seconds as function of time in days (0.1 arcsec ≈ 3 meters). [1] Polar motion of the Earth is the motion of the Earth's rotational axis relative to its crust. [2]: 1 This is measured with respect to a reference frame in which the solid Earth is fixed (a so-called Earth-centered, Earth-fixed or ECEF reference frame). This ...
The Vicsek model is a mathematical model used to describe active matter. One motivation of the study of active matter by physicists is the rich phenomenology associated to this field. Collective motion and swarming are among the most studied phenomena.
Similar considerations apply to the bonds, angles, and torsions in which the pseudo-atom participates. In this kind of united atom representation, one typically eliminates all explicit hydrogen atoms except those that have the capability to participate in hydrogen bonds (polar hydrogens). An example of this is the CHARMM 19 force-field.
The motion of the electron is of principal interest here, so the equivalent one-body problem is the motion of the electron using the reduced mass. The Schrödinger equation for a hydrogen atom can be solved by separation of variables. [24] In this case, spherical polar coordinates are the most convenient.
Rotational Brownian motion is the random change in the orientation of a polar molecule due to collisions with other molecules. It is an important element of theories of dielectric materials. The polarization of a dielectric material is a competition between torques due to the imposed electric field , which tend to align the molecules, and ...
A polariton is the result of the combination of a photon with a polar excitation in a material. The following are types of polaritons: Phonon polaritons result from coupling of an infrared photon with an optical phonon; Exciton polaritons result from coupling of visible light with an exciton [12]
[8] [page needed] [12] Non-polar materials are then those materials with only moments of forces. In the classical branches of continuum mechanics the development of the theory of stresses is based on non-polar materials. Thus, the sum of all applied forces and torques (with respect to the origin of the coordinate system) in the body can be given by
[7]: 530 A relatively weak formulation is the assertion that the motion of matter in one place should affect which frames are inertial in another. Einstein, before completing his development of the general theory of relativity, found an effect which he interpreted as being evidence of Mach's principle.