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The type of PFAS remediation technology selected is often a reflection of the PFAS contamination levels and the PFAS signature (i.e. the combination of short- and long-chain PFAS substances present) in conjunction with the site-specific water chemistry and cross contaminants present in the liquid stream.
The differences between additives for fracking in different countries are the type of chemicals used (hazardous, non-hazardous), the disclosure of chemicals and the composition of fracturing fluid. In 2010, Halliburton announced the creation of food additive based hydraulic fracturing fluid in response to calls for transparency and demand for a ...
2005 According to a 2005 Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology article that was cited in The Intercept, "PFAS chemicals are used widely to help with the molding and extrusions of plastic". [59] [60] 2006 The EPA brokered a voluntary agreement with DuPont and eight other major companies to phase out the use of PFOS and PFOA in the United ...
Known as PFAS, the group of manmade chemicals are found in drinking water, food packaging and more. Zach Schiller, research director at Policy […] What forever chemicals are, and how Intel’s ...
Hydraulic fracturing [a] is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of formations in bedrock by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum ...
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS chemicals, are defined as a class of fluorinated organic chemicals containing at least one fully fluorinated carbon.
Additionally, the gel can be reused in certain applications, reducing material waste. Waterless fracturing is a more expensive process than hydraulic fracturing as propane is more expensive than water. The use of propane necessitates rigorous monitoring, as any leak could potentially lead to an explosion hazard. [2]
Fire-retardant foam, which contained PFAS compounds for decades, often found use at military bases and airstrips, causing costly pollution to nearby water sources. The U.S. Department of Defense ...