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Calculus can form both along the gumline, where it is referred to as supragingival (' above the gum '), and within the narrow sulcus that exists between the teeth and the gingiva, where it is referred to as subgingival (' below the gum '). Calculus formation is associated with a number of clinical manifestations, including bad breath, receding ...
Scaling and root planing, also known as conventional periodontal therapy, non-surgical periodontal therapy or deep cleaning, is a procedure involving removal of dental plaque and calculus (scaling or debridement) and then smoothing, or planing, of the (exposed) surfaces of the roots, removing cementum or dentine that is impregnated with calculus, toxins, or microorganisms, [1] the agents that ...
It requires a few appointments, depending on time and clinician skills, for effective removal of supragingival and subgingival calculus, when periodontal pockets are involved. It can assist in periodontal healing and reduce periodontal pocketing by changing the subgingival ecological environment. [45]
Subgingival microorganisms (those that exist under the gum line) colonize the periodontal pockets and cause further inflammation in the gum tissues and progressive bone loss. Examples of secondary causes are those things that, by definition, cause microbic plaque accumulation, such as restoration overhangs and root proximity.
1) Enamel 2) Dentin 3) Junctional epithelium 4) Connective tissue 5) Alveolar bone 6) Gingival margin 7) Sulcular epithelium 8) Gingival epithelium 9) Cementum The dentogingival tissues consist of many constituents, such as the enamel or cementum of the tooth and the connective tissue supporting epithelia like the junctional epithelium, the gingival epithelium and the sulcular epithelium.
Chronic periodontitis is initiated by Gram-negative tooth-associated microbial biofilms that elicit a host response, which results in bone and soft tissue destruction. In response to endotoxin derived from periodontal pathogens, several osteoclast-related mediators target the destruction of alveolar bone and supporting connective tissue such as the periodontal ligament.
An 11/12 type explorer is a double-ended dental assessment instrument with mirror image working-ends. [4] The 11/12 dental explorer should be considered a dental hygienists most important instrument for the detection of subgingival and supragingival calculus.
A periodontal pocket contains dental plaque, bacteria and subgingival calculus. [6] Periodontal pathogens continually find their way into the soft tissues, but normally they are held in check by the immune system. [7] A periodontal abscess represents a change in this balance, related to decreased local or systemic resistance of the host. [8]