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The pupil magnification of an optical system is the ratio of the diameter of the exit pupil to the diameter of the entrance pupil. The pupil magnification is used in calculations of the effective f-number , which affects a number of important elements related to optics, such as exposure , diffraction , and depth of field .
The entrance pupil of the human eye, which is not quite the same as the physical pupil, is typically about 4 mm in diameter. It can range from 2 mm (f /8.3) in a very brightly lit place to 8 mm (f /2.1) in the dark. [8] An optical system is typically designed with a single aperture stop, and therefore has a single entrance pupil at designed ...
The typical adult eye has an anterior to posterior diameter of 24 mm (0.94 in), and a volume of 6 cubic centimetres (0.37 cu in). [5] The eyeball grows rapidly, increasing from about 16–17 mm (0.63–0.67 in) diameter at birth to 22.5–23 mm (0.89–0.91 in) by three years of age. By age 12, the eye attains its full size.
The pupil gets wider in the dark and narrower in light. When narrow, the diameter be 1.5 to 4 millimeters. [4] In the dark it will be the same at first, but will approach the maximum distance for a wide pupil 3 to 8 mm. [4] However, in any human age group there is considerable variation in maximal pupil size. For example, at the peak age of 15 ...
The entrance pupil is typically about 4 mm in diameter, although it can range from as narrow as 2 mm (f /8.3) in diameter in a brightly lit place to 8 mm (f /2.1) in the dark as part of adaptation. In rare cases in some individuals are able to dilate their pupils even beyond 8 mm (in scotopic lighting, close to the physical limit of the iris.
For example, a 10 × 42 binocular has a 4.2 mm wide exit cone, and fairly comfortable for general use, whereas doubling the magnification with a zoom feature to 20 × results in a much more critical 2.1 mm exit cone. Optics showing eye relief and exit pupil 1 Real image 2 Field diaphragm 3 Eye relief 4 Exit pupil