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The remaining long-term debt is used in the numerator of the long-term-debt-to-equity ratio. A similar ratio is debt-to-capital (D/C), where capital is the sum of debt and equity: D/C = total liabilities / total capital = debt / debt + equity The relationship between D/E and D/C is: D/C = D / D+E = D/E / 1 + D/E
The issue of equity, on the other hand, would signal some lack of confidence, or at least that the share is over-valued. An issue of equity may then lead to a drop in share price. (This does not however apply to high-tech industries where the issue of equity is preferable, due to the high cost of debt issue as assets are intangible. [4])
A very common leverage ratio used for financial statement analysis is the debt-to-equity ratio. This ratio shows the extent to which management is willing to use debt in order to fund operations. This ratio is calculated as: (Long-term debt + Short-term debt + Leases)/ Equity. [7]
The total-debt-to-total-assets ratio is one of many financial metrics used to measure a company’s performance. In this case, the ratio shows how much of a company’s operations are funded by debt.
Financial manager often uses the Theory of capital structure to determine the ratio between equity and debt which should be used in a financing round for a company. The basis of the theory is that debt capital used beyond the point of minimum weighted average cost of capital will cause devaluation and unnecessary leverage for the company.
It is important that a company's management recognizes the risk inherent in taking on debt, and maintains an optimal capital structure with an appropriate balance between debt and equity. [9] An optimal capital structure is one that is consistent with minimizing the cost of debt and equity financing and maximizing the value of the firm.
A company is said to be thinly capitalised when the level of its debt is much greater than its equity capital, i.e. its gearing, or leverage, is very high. An entity's debt-to-equity funding is sometimes expressed as a ratio. For example, a gearing ratio of 1.5:1 means that for every $1 of equity the entity has $1.5 of debt.
Deferred financing costs or debt issuance costs is an accounting concept meaning costs associated with issuing debt (loans and bonds), such as various fees and commissions paid to investment banks, law firms, auditors, regulators, and so on. Since these payments do not generate future benefits, they are treated as a contra debt account.