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2. Flashing (weatherproofing) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashing_(weatherproofing)

   This enables a roof to be built without weak points. Since flashing is expensive to replace if it fails, copper's long life is a major cost advantage. [10] [11] Cold rolled (to 1/8-hard temper) copper is recommended for most flashing applications. This material offers more resistance than soft copper to the stresses of expansion and contraction.

3. Heap leaching - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap_leaching

   In 2011 leaching, both heap leaching and in-situ leaching, produced 3.4 million metric tons of copper, 22 percent of world production. [8] The largest copper heap leach operations are in Chile, Peru, and the southwestern United States. Although heap leaching is a low cost-process, it normally has recovery rates of 60-70%.

4. Weatherstripping - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherstripping

   Weatherstripping can be used on windows to seal them on all sides. Metal caps on the window top [5] and on sashes [2] redirect rain to drip off instead of infiltrating. Foam or gasket weatherstripping can be applied to the sides and sashes. [6]

5. Copper in architecture - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_architecture

   [11] [46] [47] A European study comparing roofing costs of copper with other metals, concrete and clay tiles, slate, and bitumen found that in the medium to long-term (for lives of 60 to 80 years and 100 years and over), copper and stainless steel were the most cost effective roofing materials of all materials examined.

6. Minimum-cost flow problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum-cost_flow_problem

   The minimum-cost flow problem (MCFP) is an optimization and decision problem to find the cheapest possible way of sending a certain amount of flow through a flow network.A typical application of this problem involves finding the best delivery route from a factory to a warehouse where the road network has some capacity and cost associated.

7. Multi-commodity flow problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-commodity_flow_problem

   The minimum cost variant of the multi-commodity flow problem is a generalization of the minimum cost flow problem (in which there is merely one source and one sink ). Variants of the circulation problem are generalizations of all flow problems. That is, any flow problem can be viewed as a particular circulation problem.