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A septic drain field, a septic tank, and associated piping compose a septic system. The drain field typically consists of an arrangement of trenches containing perforated pipes and porous material (often gravel) covered by a layer of soil to prevent animals (and surface runoff) from reaching the wastewater distributed within those trenches. [1]
A percolation test (colloquially called a perc test) is a test to determine the water absorption rate of soil (that is, its capacity for percolation) in preparation for the building of a septic drain field (leach field) or infiltration basin. [1] The results of a percolation test are required to design a septic system properly.
However, soils do not absorb the excess NO 3 – ions, which then move downward freely with drainage water, and are leached into groundwater, streams and oceans. [2] The degree of leaching is affected by: soil type and structure. For example, sandy soil holds little water while clay soils have high water-retention rates;
Once in contact with decomposing solid waste, the percolating water becomes contaminated, and if it then flows out of the waste material it is termed leachate. [3] Additional leachate volume is produced during this decomposition of carbonaceous material producing a wide range of other materials including methane , carbon dioxide and a complex ...
The bottom depth is determined both by the depth of the water level and by the required discharge capacity. The deep collectors may either discharge their water into deep main drains (which are drains that do not receive water directly from field drains, but only from collectors), or their water may be pumped into a disposal drain.
the design drain spacing (L) can be found from the equation in dependence of the drain depth (Dd) and drain radius (r). Drainage criteria One would not want the water table to be too shallow to avoid crop yield depression nor too deep to avoid drought conditions. This is a subject of drainage research.
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In places where the amount of water to be dispersed is not as large, a rain garden can be used instead. A covered pit that disposes of the water component of sewage by the same principle as a dry well is called a cesspool. A septic drain field operates on the same slow-drain/large-area principle as an infiltration basin.