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The consumer's surplus is highest at the largest number of units for which, even for the last unit, the maximum willingness to pay is not below the market price. Consumer surplus can be used as a measurement of social welfare, shown by Robert Willig. [8] For a single price change, consumer surplus can provide an approximation of changes in welfare.
The producer surplus always decreases, but the consumer surplus may or may not increase; however, the decrease in producer surplus must be greater than the increase, if any, in consumer surplus. Deadweight loss can also be a measure of lost economic efficiency when the socially optimal quantity of a good or a service is not produced.
A measure of total gains from trade is the sum of consumer surplus and producer profits or, more roughly, the increased output from specialization in production with resulting trade. [8] Gains from trade may also refer to net benefits to a country from lowering barriers to trade such as tariffs on imports. [9]
The maximization of producer surplus can in some cases reduce consumer surplus. [15] Some forms of producer profit maximization are considered anti-competitive practices and are regulated by competition law. [15] Maximization of short-term producer profit can reduce long-term producer profit, which can be exploited by predatory pricing such as ...
A reservation price can be used to help calculate the consumer surplus or the producer surplus with reference to the equilibrium price. The reason why consumers are able to experience a surplus is due to single pricing, which put simply is the same price being charged to every consumer at a given level of output. Some buyers are therefore ...
The benefit to producers of the price support is equal to the gain in producer surplus (represented in blue). 1800 - 1250 = $550; The cost to consumers of the price support is equal to the loss in consumer surplus (represented in red). 1250 - 800 = $450
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In the first graph at right, the dashed green line represents a price floor set below the free-market price. In this case, the floor has no practical effect. The government has mandated a minimum price, but the market already bears and is using a higher price. An effective, binding price floor, causing a surplus (supply exceeds demand)