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Since version 2, Groovy can be compiled statically, offering type inference and performance near that of Java. [4] [5] Groovy 2.4 was the last major release under Pivotal Software's sponsorship which ended in March 2015. [6] Groovy has since changed its governance structure to a Project Management Committee in the Apache Software Foundation. [7]
COBOL uses the STRING statement to concatenate string variables. MATLAB and Octave use the syntax "[x y]" to concatenate x and y. Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET can also use the "+" sign but at the risk of ambiguity if a string representing a number and a number are together. Microsoft Excel allows both "&" and the function "=CONCATENATE(X,Y)".
It was first used by Groovy 1.0 in 2007 [1] and is currently supported in languages such as C#, [2] Swift, [3] TypeScript, [4] Ruby, [5] Kotlin, [6] Rust, [7] JavaScript, [8] and others. There is currently no common naming convention for this operator, but safe navigation operator is the most widely used term.
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The null coalescing operator is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, such as (in alphabetical order): C# [1] since version 2.0, [2] Dart [3] since version 1.12.0, [4] PHP since version 7.0.0, [5] Perl since version 5.10 as logical defined-or, [6] PowerShell since 7.0.0, [7] and Swift [8] as nil-coalescing operator.
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In Apache Groovy, the "Elvis operator" ?: is documented as a distinct operator; [6] this feature was added in Groovy 1.5 [7] (December 2007). Groovy, unlike GNU C and PHP, does not simply allow the second operand of ternary ?: to be omitted; rather, binary ?: must be written as a single operator, with no whitespace in between.
Go's foreach loop can be used to loop over an array, slice, string, map, or channel. Using the two-value form gets the index/key (first element) and the value (second element): for index , value := range someCollection { // Do something to index and value }