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Women in Plymouth, England, parting from their lovers who are about to be transported to Botany Bay, 1792. Penal transportation (or simply transportation) was the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony, for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became their destination.
Many colonists in British North America resented convict transportation. As early as 1683, Pennsylvania's colonial legislature attempted to bar felons from being introduced within its borders. [46] Benjamin Franklin called convict transportation "an insult and contempt, the cruellest, that ever one people offered to another."
Over the 80 years of transportation, between 1788 and 1868, 608 convict ships transported more than 162,000 convicts to Australia. [ 4 ] Following serious outbreaks of disease with high mortality rates on board some early convict ship voyages, from 1801 voyages were subject to more strict regulation by the British government in terms of ...
This convict transportation began in 1718 following the passing of a Transportation Act by the British Parliament in 1717. The transportation continued until 1775, when the American Revolutionary War halted the practice. Also, Ekirch explores the various roles played by England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland in this convict trade. [1] [3]
Although a convict-supported settlement was established in Western Australia from 1826 to 1831, direct transportation of convicts did not begin until 1850. It continued until 1868. During that period, 9,668 convicts were transported on 43 convict ships .
A convict and a marine were punished for passing forged quarter-dollars made from old buckles and pewter spoons. Ellen Fraser , mother of the second child of English parents born in the colony (John Fraser born 7 June 1789), is thought to be the female convict transferred from the "Prince of Wales" to the " Charlotte" during the stop over in ...
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The Australasian Anti-Transportation League was an organisation that opposed penal transportation to Australia. [1] It was established in Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania ) in the late 1840s, and expanded rapidly with branches in Adelaide , Melbourne , Sydney in Australia, and Canterbury in New Zealand .