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If one assumes that the electricity used comes from a heat engine, it takes 141.86 megajoules (MJ) of heat energy to produce one kg of hydrogen [clarification needed], for the HTE process itself and for the electricity required. At 100 °C, 350 MJ of thermal energy are required (41% efficient). At 850 °C, 225 MJ are required (64% efficient).
The following table shows a range of estimates of the levelized costs of gray, blue, and green hydrogen, expressed in terms of US$ per kg of H 2 (where data provided in other currencies or units, the average exchange rate to US dollars in the given year are used, and 1 kg of H 2 is assumed to have a calorific value of 33.3kWh).
The US DOE target price for hydrogen in 2020 is $2.30/kg, requiring an electricity cost of $0.037/kW·h, which is achievable given 2018 PPA tenders [76] for wind and solar in many regions. This puts the $4/gasoline gallon equivalent (gge) H 2 dispensed objective well within reach, and close to a slightly elevated natural gas production cost for ...
The contribution of the muscle to the specific heat of the body is approximately 47%, and the contribution of the fat and skin is approximately 24%. The specific heat of tissues range from ~0.7 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for tooth (enamel) to 4.2 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for eye (sclera). [13]
At an electricity cost of $0.06/kWh, as set out in the Department of Energy hydrogen production targets for 2015, [73] the hydrogen cost is $3/kg. The US DOE target price for hydrogen in 2020 is $2.30/kg, requiring an electricity cost of $0.037/kWh, which is achievable given recent PPA tenders for wind and solar in many regions. [ 74 ]
The SI unit of specific heat capacity is joule per kelvin per kilogram, J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1. [2] For example, the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 K is 4184 joules, so the specific heat capacity of water is 4184 J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1. [3]
In all, the higher heating value of hydrogen is 18.2% above its lower heating value (142 MJ/kg vs. 120 MJ/kg). For hydrocarbons, the difference depends on the hydrogen content of the fuel. For gasoline and diesel the higher heating value exceeds the lower heating value by about 10% and 7%, respectively, and for natural gas about 11%.
The SI unit for heat capacity of an object is joule per kelvin (J/K or J⋅K −1). Since an increment of temperature of one degree Celsius is the same as an increment of one kelvin, that is the same unit as J/°C. The heat capacity of an object is an amount of energy divided by a temperature change, which has the dimension L 2 ⋅M⋅T −2 ...
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