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The following table shows a range of estimates of the levelized costs of gray, blue, and green hydrogen, expressed in terms of US$ per kg of H 2 (where data provided in other currencies or units, the average exchange rate to US dollars in the given year are used, and 1 kg of H 2 is assumed to have a calorific value of 33.3kWh).
If one assumes that the electricity used comes from a heat engine, it takes 141.86 megajoules (MJ) of heat energy to produce one kg of hydrogen [clarification needed], for the HTE process itself and for the electricity required. At 100 °C, 350 MJ of thermal energy are required (41% efficient). At 850 °C, 225 MJ are required (64% efficient).
At an electricity cost of $0.06/kWh, as set out in the Department of Energy hydrogen production targets for 2015, [73] the hydrogen cost is $3/kg. The US DOE target price for hydrogen in 2020 is $2.30/kg, requiring an electricity cost of $0.037/kWh, which is achievable given recent PPA tenders for wind and solar in many regions. [ 74 ]
The contribution of the muscle to the specific heat of the body is approximately 47%, and the contribution of the fat and skin is approximately 24%. The specific heat of tissues range from ~0.7 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for tooth (enamel) to 4.2 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for eye (sclera). [13]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed [citation needed] 8.3: Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed [citation needed] 8.2: Sodium (reacted with chlorine) [citation needed] 7.0349: Hexanitrobenzene explosive: 7 [8] Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed [citation needed] 6.95: Ammonal (Al+NH 4 NO 3 oxidizer) [citation needed] 6.9: 12.7
The cost of heat to the U ... Another study from 2014 found that a weekday with temperatures greater than 86° F costs the average U.S. county $20 per person. ... This is how much money you need ...
Heating costs for natural gas are up just over 3%, for an average cost of $634 for the winter period, compared with $615 for 2023-2024. Costs are expected to rise only modestly in line with ...
In all, the higher heating value of hydrogen is 18.2% above its lower heating value (142 MJ/kg vs. 120 MJ/kg). For hydrocarbons, the difference depends on the hydrogen content of the fuel. For gasoline and diesel the higher heating value exceeds the lower heating value by about 10% and 7%, respectively, and for natural gas about 11%.