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Alternatively, they can be referred to by the piece which stood on that file at the beginning of the game, e.g. "White's king bishop's pawn" or "Black's queen knight's pawn". It is also common to refer to a rook's pawn, meaning any pawn on the a- or h-files, a knight's pawn (on the b- or g-files), a bishop's pawn (on the c- or f-files), a queen ...
A rule of thumb (with exceptions) is: if the king on the side without the pawn can reach the queening square of the pawn, the game is a draw; otherwise it is a win for the opponent (except with a rook pawn, i.e. a- or h-file). [12] The side with the pawn can cut off the opposing king or strive for the Lucena position, which is a win
A pawn, unlike other pieces, captures differently from how it moves. A pawn can capture an enemy piece on either of the two squares diagonally in front of the pawn. It cannot move to those squares when vacant except when capturing en passant. The pawn is also involved in the two special moves en passant and promotion. [10]
As well, a rook best supports a friendly pawn towards promotion from behind it on the same file (see Tarrasch rule). In a position with a rook and one or two minor pieces versus two rooks, generally in addition to pawns, and possibly other pieces, Lev Alburt advises that the player with the single rook should avoid exchanging the rook for one ...
Promotion to knight may also be done for defensive reasons. For example, a knight promotion is a standard defensive technique in a rook versus pawn endgame; [48] a 2006 game between Gata Kamsky and Étienne Bacrot shows such a case. [49] White threatens to capture the pawn or checkmate by Rh1 if the black pawn promotes to a queen, rook, or bishop.
The rook and pawn versus rook is the most common of the "piece and pawn versus piece" endgames. [40] The most difficult case of a rook and pawn versus a rook occurs when the attacking rook is one file over from the pawn and the defending king is cut off on the other side. Siegbert Tarrasch gave the following rules for this case:
If the pawn is held up before the fifth rank, the rook is better in front of the pawn. Often the rook is best protecting the pawn from the side if it is on the fifth rank or higher. [20] In the ending of a rook and pawn versus a rook, if the defending king is cut off from the pawn's file, then the best defence is with the rook on its first rank ...
A rook's pawn loses on the second rank, because the rook has only one protected square to use. [22] To win against a rook's pawn on the third rank, it is necessary for the attacking king to advance on the pawn's own file from ahead; [3] if this cannot be achieved, then the defending king cannot be forced out of the corner.