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  2. Proton pump - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_pump

    An example of a proton pump that is not electrogenic, is the proton/potassium pump of the gastric mucosa which catalyzes a balanced exchange of protons and potassium ions. [citation needed] The combined transmembrane gradient of protons and charges created by proton pumps is called an electrochemical gradient.

  3. Proton-pump inhibitor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor

    The proton pump is the terminal stage in gastric acid secretion, being directly responsible for secreting H + ions into the gastric lumen, making it an ideal target for inhibiting acid secretion. [ citation needed ] Because the H,K-ATPase is the final step of acid secretion, an inhibitor of this enzyme is more effective than receptor ...

  4. Hydrogen potassium ATPase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_potassium_ATPase

    The gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H + /K + ATPase is the proton pump of the stomach.It exchanges potassium from the intestinal lumen with cytoplasmic hydronium [2] and is the enzyme primarily responsible for the acidification of the stomach contents and the activation of the digestive enzyme pepsin [3] (see gastric acid).

  5. Plasma membrane H+-ATPase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane_H+-ATPase

    -ATPase or proton pump creates the electrochemical gradients in the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, protists, and many prokaryotes. Here, proton gradients are used to drive secondary transport processes. As such, it is essential for the uptake of most metabolites, and also for plant responses to the environment (e.g., movement of leaves).

  6. Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_development...

    Proton pump inhibitors are prodrugs and their actual inhibitory form is somewhat controversial. In acidic solution, the sulfenic acid is isolated before reaction with one or more cysteines accessible from the luminar surface of the enzyme, a tetracyclic sulfenamide. This is a planar molecule thus any enantiomer of a PPI loses stereospecifity ...

  7. Chemiosmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiosmosis

    In most cases the proton-motive force is generated by an electron transport chain which acts as a proton pump, using the Gibbs free energy of redox reactions to pump protons (hydrogen ions) out across the membrane, separating the charge across the membrane. In mitochondria, energy released by the electron transport chain is used to move protons ...

  8. Moral Injury: The Grunts - The Huffington Post

    projects.huffingtonpost.com/moral-injury/the...

    Can we imagine ourselves back on that awful day in the summer of 2010, in the hot firefight that went on for nine hours? Men frenzied with exhaustion and reckless exuberance, eyes and throats burning from dust and smoke, in a battle that erupted after Taliban insurgents castrated a young boy in the village, knowing his family would summon nearby Marines for help and the Marines would come ...

  9. Symporter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symporter

    Amino acids and sugars are taken up from sea water in the presence of extracellular sodium and is driven by the NA + /K +-ATPase pump. [ 1 ] In the roots of plants , the H+/K+ symporters are only one member of a group of several symporters/antiporters that specifically allow only one charged hydrogen ion (more commonly known as a proton) and ...