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  2. Trough (meteorology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_(meteorology)

    Troughs may be at the surface, or aloft, at altitude. Near-surface troughs sometimes mark a weather front associated with clouds, showers, and a wind direction shift. Upper-level troughs in the jet stream (as shown in diagram) reflect cyclonic filaments of vorticity. Their motion induces upper-level wind divergence, lifting and cooling the air ...

  3. Jet stream - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream

    The polar jet stream forms near the interface of the polar and Ferrel circulation cells; the subtropical jet forms near the boundary of the Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells. [ 17 ] Polar jet streams are typically located near the 250 hPa (about 1/4 atmosphere) pressure level, or 30,000 ft (5.7 mi; 9.1 km) above sea level while the weaker ...

  4. Rossby wave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossby_wave

    Meanders of the Northern Hemisphere's jet stream developing around the northern polar vortex (a, b) and finally detaching a "drop" of cold air (c). Orange: warmer masses of air; pink: jet stream; blue: colder masses of air. Rossby waves, also known as planetary waves, are a type of inertial wave naturally occurring in rotating fluids. [1]

  5. Weather front - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_front

    If the temperature differences of the two air masses involved are large and the turbulence is extreme because of wind shear and the presence of a strong jet stream, "roll clouds" and tornadoes may occur. [22] In the warm season, lee troughs, breezes, outflow boundaries and occlusions can lead to convection if enough moisture is available.

  6. Clear-air turbulence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-air_turbulence

    Lines of cirrus perpendicular to the jet stream indicate possible CAT, especially if the ends of the cirrus are dispersed, in which case the direction of dispersal can indicate if the CAT is stronger at the left or at the right of the jet stream. A temperature gradient is the change of temperature over a distance in some given direction. Where ...

  7. A disjointed jet stream has some climate scientists spooked - AOL

    www.aol.com/scorching-heat-canada-wildfires...

    In recent weeks, the jet stream has appeared unusual and disjointed, scientists say. Some researchers think climate change is disrupting its flow and causing it to bake regions in heat longer.

  8. Cut-off low - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-off_low

    Kona Low over Hawaii, an example of a cut-off low from the main core of the jet stream. [1]A cut-off low (or cutoff low), sometimes referred to as the weatherman's woe, is defined by the National Weather Service as "a closed upper-level low which has become completely displaced (cut off) from basic westerly current, and moves independently of that current."

  9. Hadley cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_cell

    The Hadley cells may extend to around 60° latitude, equatorward of a mid-latitude jet stream demarcating the boundary between the hypothesized Hadley cell and the polar vortex. [133] The planet's atmosphere may exhibit two Hadley circulations, with one near the surface and the other at the level of the upper cloud deck.