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File verification is the process of using an algorithm for verifying the integrity of a computer file, usually by checksum.This can be done by comparing two files bit-by-bit, but requires two copies of the same file, and may miss systematic corruptions which might occur to both files.
This is especially true of cryptographic hash functions, which may be used to detect many data corruption errors and verify overall data integrity; if the computed checksum for the current data input matches the stored value of a previously computed checksum, there is a very high probability the data has not been accidentally altered or corrupted.
The 128-bit hash value of any message is formed by padding it to a multiple of the block length (128 bits or 16 bytes) and adding a 16-byte checksum to it. For the actual calculation, a 48-byte auxiliary block and a 256-byte S-table are used.
hash HAS-160: 160 bits hash HAVAL: 128 to 256 bits hash JH: 224 to 512 bits hash LSH [19] 256 to 512 bits wide-pipe Merkle–Damgård construction: MD2: 128 bits hash MD4: 128 bits hash MD5: 128 bits Merkle–Damgård construction: MD6: up to 512 bits Merkle tree NLFSR (it is also a keyed hash function) RadioGatún: arbitrary ideal mangling ...
The check digit is calculated by (()), where s is the sum from step 3. This is the smallest number (possibly zero) that must be added to s {\displaystyle s} to make a multiple of 10. Other valid formulas giving the same value are 9 − ( ( s + 9 ) mod 1 0 ) {\displaystyle 9-((s+9){\bmod {1}}0)} , ( 10 − s ) mod 1 0 {\displaystyle (10-s){\bmod ...
A is the sum of all bytes in the stream plus one, and B is the sum of the individual values of A from each step. At the beginning of an Adler-32 run, A is initialized to 1, B to 0. The sums are done modulo 65521 (the largest prime number smaller than 2 16). The bytes are stored in network order , B occupying the two most significant bytes.
shasum is a Perl program to calculate any of SHA-1, 224, 256, 384, 512 hashes. [7] It is part of the ActivePerl distribution. sha3sum is a similarly named program that calculates SHA-3, HAKE, RawSHAKE, and Keccak functions. [8] The <hash>sum naming convention is also used by the BLAKE team with b2sum and b3sum, by the program tthsum, and many ...
The checksum is therefore 0x0403. It could be transmitted with the byte stream and be verified as such on the receiving end. Another option is to compute in a second step a pair of check bytes, which can be appended to the byte stream so that the resulting stream has a global Fletcher-16 checksum value of 0.