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Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), also known as primary or peripheral/gonadal hypogonadism or primary gonadal failure, is a condition which is characterized by hypogonadism which is due to an impaired response of the gonads to the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and in turn a lack of sex steroid production. [1]
46,XX gonadal dysgenesis is characteristic of female hypogonadism with a karyotype of 46,XX. [8] Streak ovaries are present with non-functional tissues unable to produce the required sex steroid oestrogen. [9] Low levels of oestrogen effect the HPG axis with no feedback to the anterior pituitary to inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH. [9]
Hypogonadism resulting from defects of the gonads is referred to as hypergonadotropic hypogonadism or primary hypogonadism. Examples include Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome. Mumps is known to cause testicular failure, and in recent years has been immunized against in the US. A varicocele can reduce hormonal production as well ...
XX gonadal dysgenesis is a type of female hypogonadism in which the ovaries do not function to induce puberty in a person assigned female at birth, whose karyotype is 46,XX. [1] Individuals with XX gonadal dysgenesis have normal-appearing external genitalia as well as Müllerian structures (e.g., cervix, vagina, uterus).
As women with FHA work to correct energy balance, especially female athletes and those recovering from eating disorder, recovery from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism may occur in a series of phases; there can be stages where the luteal phase is inadequate or may display lower sex steroid and gonadotropin levels for many years. [9]
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Female infertility varies widely by geographic location around the world. In 2010, there was an estimated 48.5 million infertile couples worldwide, and from 1990 to 2010 there was little change in levels of infertility in most of the world. [ 2 ]
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