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Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproducing in or outside of host cells. Obligate intracellular parasites, on the other hand, need a host cell to live and reproduce. Many of these types of cells require specialized host types, and invasion of host cells occurs in different ways.
Examples of facultative intracellular bacteria include members of the genera Brucella, Legionella, Listeria, and Mycobacterium.These bacteria invade the human body and replicate inside the cells, evading the immune system and causing disease by disrupting the human's cells normal function.
Examples of obligate intracellular bacteria include Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia rickettsii, (Rocky Mountain spotted fever). [citation needed] Chlamydia are intracellular parasites. These pathogens can cause pneumonia or urinary tract infection and may be involved in coronary heart disease. [12]
A facultative parasite is an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle. Examples of facultative parasitism occur among many species of fungi , such as family members of the genus Armillaria .
Salmonella species are facultative intracellular pathogens. [6] Salmonella can invade different cell types, including epithelial cells, M cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. [55] As facultative anaerobic organism, Salmonella uses oxygen to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in aerobic
F. tularensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium that is capable of infecting most cell types, but primarily infects macrophages in the host organism. [citation needed] Entry into the macrophage occurs by phagocytosis and the bacterium is sequestered from the interior of the infected cell by a phagosome.
They are facultative intracellular pathogens, meaning they are able to persist and colonize within host cells but can also multiply outside the host cellular environment. [19] [20] [21] They typically appear in pairs (diplococci), resembling the shape of coffee beans. [21]
Bartonella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the only genus in the family Bartonellaceae. [2] [3] Facultative intracellular parasites, Bartonella species can infect healthy people, but are considered especially important as opportunistic pathogens. [4] Bartonella species are transmitted by vectors such as fleas, sand flies, and ...