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Anencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. [1] It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception. [ 2 ]
Anencephaly (without brain) is a severe neural tube defect that occurs when the anterior-most end of the neural tube fails to close, usually during the 23rd and 26th days of pregnancy. This results in an absence of a major portion of the brain and skull.
The condition is frequently, though not always, associated with anencephaly. The fetus is said to have acrania if it meets the following criteria: the fetus should have a perfectly normal facial bone, a normal cervical column but without the fetal skull and a volume of brain tissue equivalent to at least one-third of the normal brain size. [2]
Jaxon Emmett Buell (August 27, 2014 – April 1, 2020) was an American child known for being born missing about 80% of his brain due to anencephaly. [1] He surpassed doctors' expectations, who predicted he would not live to see his first birthday. He actually lived over five-and-a-half years.
Failure of the rostral end of the neural tube to close results in anencephaly, or lack of brain development, and is most often fatal. [43] Failure of the caudal end of the neural tube to close causes a condition known as spina bifida , in which the spinal cord fails to close.
Exencephaly is a type of cephalic disorder wherein the brain is located outside of the skull. This condition is usually found in embryos as an early stage of anencephaly.As an exencephalic pregnancy progresses, the neural tissue gradually degenerates.
Examples of injuries incompatible with life are decapitation or gross dismemberment.Other circumstances that are regarded as self-evidently incompatible with life include traumatic hemicorporectomy, decomposition, incineration, hypostasis and rigor mortis; in these circumstances, paramedics and other similar workers may be allowed to regard a person as dead in the absence of a physician.
The skull does not close all the way in this deformity (especially at the occipital region). As a result, the amniotic fluid enters the brain, leading to eventual brain degeneration and anencephaly. [1] Craniorachischisis is on the extreme end of the dysraphism spectrum, wherein the entire length of the neural tube fails to close. [2]