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They can treat other non-cardiac symptoms as off-label uses, such as migraine prophylaxis, arrhythmias, tremors, and anxiety disorders. [4] Common examples include atenolol , bisoprolol , esmolol , metoprolol , and nebivolol .
The metabolism of metoprolol can vary widely among patients, often as a result of hepatic impairment [9] or CYP2D6 polymorphism. [10] Metoprolol was first made in 1969, patented in 1970, and approved for medical use in 1978. [11] [12] [13] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [14] It is available as a generic ...
There is clear evidence from many controlled trials in the past 25 years that beta blockers are effective in anxiety disorders, though the mechanism of action is not known. [3] Some people have used beta blockers for performance type social anxiety, or "stage fright." In particular, musicians, public speakers, actors, and professional dancers ...
Anxiety is a naturally-occurring emotion and response. When anxiety levels exceed the tolerability of a person, anxiety disorders may occur. People with anxiety disorders can exhibit fear responses, such as defensive behaviors, high levels of alertness, and negative emotions.
Furthermore, α-blockers can occasionally be used to treat anxiety and panic disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) induced nightmares. [6] Studies have also had great medical interest in testing alpha blockers, specifically α 2 blockers, to treat type II diabetes and psychiatric depression. [2]
Substance avoidance can be important in reducing anxiety and panic symptoms, as many substances can cause, exacerbate, or mimic symptoms of panic disorder. For example, caffeine has been known to have anxiety and panic-inducing properties that can especially present in those who are more susceptible to panic attacks. [60]
Anxiety, panic attacks ... silent" because they do not cause the characteristic symptoms associated with a pheochromocytoma. ... atenolol, metoprolol) ...
Anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder occur in a minority of individuals with ADHD, but more often than in the general population. [149] Further research suggests that about 20 to 40 percent of individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have comorbid anxiety disorders, with GAD being the most prevalent. [150]