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Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens.The disease is caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus (Coronaviridae, Orthocoronavirinae, genus Gammacoronavirus, subgenus Igacovirus), [1] and characterized by respiratory signs including gasping, coughing, sneezing, tracheal rales, and nasal discharge.
The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and nuclear pore export. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] A stem loop structure with a conserved nonanucleotide motif is located at the 5' intergenic region of circovirus genomes and is thought to initiate rolling-cycle replication.
Fowlpox virus Fowlpox is the worldwide disease of poultry caused by viruses of the family Poxviridae and the genus Avipoxvirus . The viruses causing fowlpox are distinct from one another but antigenically similar, possible hosts including chickens , turkeys , quail , canaries , pigeons , and many other species of birds.
Avian coronavirus is a species of virus from the genus Gammacoronavirus that infects birds; since 2018, all gammacoronaviruses which infect birds have been classified as this single species. [3] The strain of avian coronavirus previously known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the only coronavirus that infects chickens. [ 3 ]
Arthritis and tenosynovitis are the main signs of Avian reovirus infection in chickens, although the virus can cause other signs. [2] The prominent sign is swelling of the digital flexor and metatarsal extensor tendons. The hock joint itself is not so sharply affected, showing just a small amount of synovial exsudate when opened. [3]
The vaccinia virus is an effective tool for foreign protein expression, as it elicits a strong host immune-response. The vaccinia virus enters cells primarily by cell fusion, although currently the receptor responsible is unknown. [citation needed] Vaccinia contains three classes of genes: early, intermediate and late.
Herpesvirales is an order of dsDNA viruses (Baltimore group I) with animal hosts, characterised by a common morphology consisting of an icosahedral capsid enclosed in a glycoprotein-containing lipid envelope.
The chicken embryo is a unique model that overcomes many limitations to studying the biology of cancer in vivo. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a well-vascularized extra-embryonic tissue located underneath the eggshell, has a successful history as a biological platform for the molecular analysis of cancer including viral oncogenesis, [8] carcinogenesis, [9] tumor xenografting, [1] [10] [11 ...