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Intra-industry trade is difficult to measure statistically because regarding products or industries as "the same" is partly a matter of definition and classification. For a very simple example, it could be argued that although a BMW and a Ford are both motor cars, and although a Budweiser and a Heineken are both beers, they are really all ...
The definitions and methodological concepts applied for the various statistical collections on international trade often differ in terms of definition (e.g. special trade vs. general trade) and coverage (reporting thresholds, inclusion of trade in services, estimates for smuggled goods and cross-border provision of illegal services).
If GL i = 1, there is a good level of intra-industry trade. This means for example the Country in consideration Exports the same quantity of good i as much as it Imports. Conversely, if GL i = 0, there is no intra-industry trade at all.
Whereas Portuguese traders concentrated on the accumulation of capital, in Kongo spiritual meaning was attached to many objects of trade. According to economic historian Toby Green, in Kongo "giving more than receiving was a symbol of spiritual and political power and privilege." [68]
A marketing channel consists of the people, organizations, and activities necessary to transfer the ownership of goods from the point of production to the point of consumption. It is the way products get to the end-user , the consumer ; and is also known as a distribution channel . [ 1 ]
If the special trade system (e.g. extra-EU trade statistics) is applied goods that are received into customs warehouses are not recorded in external trade statistics unless they subsequently go into free circulation of the importing country. A special case is the intra-EU trade statistics.
Marketing expense for Q4 was $19.8 million, representing 13% of net revenues, compared to 13.9% in the prior-year period. ... While we typically do not provide intra-quarter commentary, year-over ...
Foreign affiliate trade statistics (FATS), also known as transnational corporation (TNC) data details the economic operations of foreign direct investment-based enterprises. Collection of such information, and aggregation at the national level, can provide economists and policymakers with insight as to the relationship that transnational ...