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In economics, average cost (AC) or unit cost is equal to total cost (TC) divided by the number of units of a good produced (the output Q): A C = T C Q . {\displaystyle AC={\frac {TC}{Q}}.} Average cost is an important factor in determining how businesses will choose to price their products.
Average Cost Pricing Rule on Investopedia; Chen, Yan."An Experimental Study of the Serial and Average Cost Pricing Mechanisms," Journal of Public Economics (2003)."Marginal Cost versus Average Cost Pricing with Climatic Shocks in Senegal: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model Applied to Water" by ANNE BRIAND, University of Rouen, November 2006
The total cost curve, if non-linear, can represent increasing and diminishing marginal returns.. The short-run total cost (SRTC) and long-run total cost (LRTC) curves are increasing in the quantity of output produced because producing more output requires more labor usage in both the short and long runs, and because in the long run producing more output involves using more of the physical ...
This long-run average cost diagram shows that as more is produced, so long as output does not exceed OQ 2, economies of scale are obtained. Beyond OQ 2, additional production will increase per-unit costs, reflecting diseconomies of scale. Consequently, the societally optimal firm size is OQ 2, where long-run average cost is at its lowest level.
Productive efficiency occurs when units of goods are being supplied at the lowest possible average total cost. When drawing diagrams for businesses, this condition is satisfied if the equilibrium is at the minimum point of the average total cost curve. This is again the case for the long run equilibrium of perfect competition.
A standard way of viewing these costs is per unit, or the average. Economists tend to analyse three costs in the short-run: average fixed costs, average variable costs, and average total costs, with respect to marginal costs. The average fixed cost curve is a decreasing function because the level of fixed costs remains constant as the output ...
This situation is shown in this diagram, as the price or average revenue, denoted by , is above the average cost denoted by . However, in the long run, economic profit cannot be sustained. The arrival of new firms or expansion of existing firms (if returns to scale are constant) in the market causes the (horizontal) demand curve of each ...
In economics, a cost function represents the minimum cost of producing a quantity of some good. The long-run cost curve is a cost function that models this minimum cost over time, meaning inputs are not fixed. Using the long-run cost curve, firms can scale their means of production to reduce the costs of producing the good. [1]