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The Congo Free State, also known as the Independent State of the Congo (French: État indépendant du Congo), was a large state and absolute monarchy in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908. It was privately owned by King Leopold II , the constitutional monarch of the Kingdom of Belgium .
The Congo Crisis (French: Crise congolaise) was a period of political upheaval and conflict between 1960 and 1965 in the Republic of the Congo (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo). [ c ] The crisis began almost immediately after the Congo became independent from Belgium and ended, unofficially, with the entire country under the rule of ...
Following its independence in 1960, the Republic of the Congo became the subject to a series of political upheavals and conflicts collectively termed the "Congo Crisis". [5] In 1964, various insurgent groups launched a major rebellion in the eastern regions, inflicting heavy losses on the Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC), the national military ...
Second Congo War (1998–2003), involved nine nations and led to ongoing low-level warfare, despite an official peace treaty and the first democratic elections in 2006; Ituri conflict (1999–present) and Kivu conflict (2004–present), sub-conflicts of the Second Congo War that continued as ongoing insurgencies M23 rebellion (2012–2013)
The Congo became independent on 30 June 1960, but Belgian Lieutenant General Émile Janssens, commander of the Force Publique (FP) (the army) refused to rapidly "Africanize" the FP officers. Disorder and mutinies quickly followed, four days after the Congo gained independence.
Brazzaville hereby became the capital of the so-called Free French in Africa, ruled in theory by a Conseil de défense de l'Empire set up by De Gaulle on 27 October 1940. The FEA centred on Middle Congo went overnight from a backwater to a linchpin of Free French forces in Africa.
The Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement attempted to end the Second Congo War through a ceasefire, release of prisoners of war, and the deployment of an international peacekeeping force under the auspices of the United Nations.
Congo–Arab War (1892–1894) Congo Free State: Slave traders: Victory. Swahili-Arab power in Congo shattered; Batetela Rebellion (1895–1908) Congo Free State: Tetela rebels Victory. Mahdist War (1896–1899) United Kingdom Congo Free State Ethiopia Italy: Mahdist Sudan: Victory. Congo secures the Lado Enclave