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Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...
Cryogenic tempering is two phase metal treatment that involves a descent and ascent phase, including a cryogenic treatment process (known as "cryogenic processing") where the material is slowly cooled to ultra low temperatures (typically around -300°F / -184°C), which is then optionally reheated slowly (typically up to +325°F / 162°C).
Cryochemistry is the study of chemical interactions at temperatures below −150 °C (−238 °F; 123 K). [1] It is derived from the Greek word cryos, meaning 'cold'.It overlaps with many other sciences, including chemistry, cryobiology, condensed matter physics, and even astrochemistry.
Cryogenic hardening is a cryogenic treatment process where the material is cooled to approximately −185 °C (−301 °F), typically using liquid nitrogen.It can have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of certain steels, provided their composition and prior heat treatment are such that they retain some austenite at room temperature.
Cryogenic particle detectors operate at very low temperature, typically only a few degrees above absolute zero. These sensors interact with an energetic elementary particle (such as a photon ) and deliver a signal that can be related to the type of particle and the nature of the interaction.
A material property is an intensive property of a material, i.e., a physical property or chemical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another can be compared, thereby aiding in materials selection.
Unhardened 5086 has a yield strength of 120 MPa (17 ksi) and ultimate tensile strength of 260 MPa (38 ksi) from −28 to 100 °C (−18 to 212 °F). At cryogenic temperatures it is slightly stronger: at −196 °C (−321 °F), yield of 130 MPa (19 ksi) and ultimate tensile strength of 380 MPa (55 ksi); above 100 °C (212 °F) its strength is reduced.
Hydrogen cryomagnetics is a term used to denote the use of cryogenic liquid hydrogen to cool the windings of an electromagnet. [1] A key benefit of hydrogen cryomagnetics is that low temperature liquid hydrogen can be deployed simultaneously both as a cryogen to cool electromagnet windings and as an energy carrier.