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Social identity is the portion of an individual's self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group. [1] [2]As originally formulated by social psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s and the 1980s, [3] social identity theory introduced the concept of a social identity as a way in which to explain intergroup behaviour.
Henri Tajfel and colleagues originally developed the minimal group paradigm in the early 1970s as part of their attempt to understand the psychological basis of intergroup discrimination. [15] Tajfel's intention was to create groups with as little meaning as possible and then add meaning to discover at what point discrimination would occur. [16]
Henri Tajfel (born Hersz Mordche Tajfel; 22 June 1919 – 3 May 1982) was a Polish social psychologist, best known for his pioneering work on the cognitive aspects of prejudice and social identity theory, as well as being one of the founders of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology.
This research follows Tajfel and Turner’s (1979) Social Identity Theory, which suggests that people derive a portion of their identity from the group they belong to. [10] This is because individuals are more likely to adopt the identity of their ingroup, which results in the widespread adoption of norms, values, and behaviours.
To study this in the lab, Tajfel and colleagues created minimal groups (see minimal group paradigm), which occur when "complete strangers are formed into groups using the most trivial criteria imaginable". In Tajfel's studies, participants were split into groups by flipping a coin, and each group then was told to appreciate a certain style of ...
Perceiver readiness, which Turner first described as relative accessibility, [15] "reflects a person's past experiences, present expectations, and current motives, values, goals and needs". [12] It is the relevant aspects of cognition that the perceiver brings to the environment.
According to research done by Tajfel and colleagues, individuals rely on distinct identities as a way to find meaning and define themselves in the world. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] After a distinct identity is formed, social comparison with similar groups can pose a potential threat to group distinctiveness.
In the 1970s and 80s, Henri Tajfel and John Turner proposed two connected theories of social identity, self-categorization theory and social identity theory, that together form a method for understanding the psychological processes underlying how individuals make sense of their identities and group membership.