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Non-freezing cold injuries (NFCI) is a class of tissue damage caused by sustained exposure to low temperature without actual freezing. [1] There are several forms of NFCI, and the common names may refer to the circumstances in which they commonly occur or were first described, such as trench foot, which was named after its association with trench warfare.
Frostbite is a skin injury that occurs when someone is exposed to extremely low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues, [1] commonly affecting the fingers, toes, nose, ears, cheeks and chin areas. [6] Most often, frostbite occurs in the hands and feet.
Preventative measures such as rotating trench positions, changing socks multiple times per day, and using whale oil on one's feet were introduced to reduce incidence of cases. [2] Cold skin injuries are still prominent in the modern era, with 1,120 cases of frostbite and 590 cases of trench foot reported in the US military from 2015-2020. [8]
Third degree frostbite: Deep frostbite is the next stage, in which the skin can appear blue and mottled, and numb to pain and cold. Blood-filled blisters can form. Blood-filled blisters can form.
Preventing frostnip can be as easy as dressing children in warm layers, making sure their ears, fingers and toes are well covered. If their clothes end up getting soaked after crashing through the ...
Trench foot occurs due to prolonged exposure of the feet to cold, damp, and often unsanitary conditions. [1] Unlike frostbite, trench foot usually occurs at temperatures above freezing, [1] and can be classed as a form of non-freezing cold injury. [3] Onset can be as rapid as 10 hours. [1] Risk factors include overly tight boots and not moving. [4]
Immersion foot syndromes are a class of foot injury caused by water absorption in the outer layer of skin. [1] [2] There are different subclass names for this condition based on the temperature of the water to which the foot is exposed. These include trench foot, tropical immersion foot, and warm water immersion foot.
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