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In addition to the binary application code, the executables may contain headers and tables with relocation and fixup information as well as various kinds of meta data. Among those formats listed, the ones in most common use are PE (on Microsoft Windows ), ELF (on Linux and most other versions of Unix ), Mach-O (on macOS and iOS ) and MZ (on DOS ).
File extension(s) [a] MIME type [b] Official name [c] Platform [d] Description .a, .ar application/x-archive Unix Archiver: Unix-like The traditional archive format on Unix-like systems, now used mainly for the creation of static libraries. .cpio application/x-cpio cpio: Unix-like RPM files
pax is an archiving utility available for various operating systems and defined since 1995. [1] Rather than sort out the incompatible options that have crept up between tar and cpio, along with their implementations across various versions of Unix, the IEEE designed a new archive utility pax that could support various archive formats with useful options from both archivers.
An ELF file has two views: the program header shows the segments used at run time, whereas the section header lists the set of sections.. In computing, the Executable and Linkable Format [2] (ELF, formerly named Extensible Linking Format) is a common standard file format for executable files, object code, shared libraries, and core dumps.
Some filenames are given extensions longer than three characters. While MS-DOS and NT always treat the suffix after the last period in a file's name as its extension, in UNIX-like systems, the final period does not necessarily mean that the text after the last period is the file's extension. [1]
The HX DOS Extender also uses the PE format for native DOS 32-bit binaries, and can execute some Windows binaries in DOS, thus acting like an equivalent of Wine for DOS. Mac OS X 10.5 has the ability to load and parse PE files, although it does not maintain binary compatibility with Windows. [10]
NetBSD's pkgsrc works on several Unix-like operating systems, with regular binary packages for macOS and Linux provided by multiple independent vendors; Collective Knowledge Framework is a cross-platform package and workflow framework with JSON API that can download binary packages or build them from sources for Linux, Windows, MacOS and ...
Unix filesystems support multiple links (names) for the same file. If several such files appear in a tar archive, only the first one is archived as a normal file; the rest are archived as hard links, with the "name of linked file" field set to the first one's name. On extraction, such hard links should be recreated in the file system.