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Bristol was the second-wealthiest city in England in the 16th century; [26] and by the 18th century, Bristol was often described as the second city of England. [27] During the 19th century, claims were made for Manchester, [28] Liverpool [29] and York. [30]
Gregory is recognized as the "father of French history". [4] Richerus (fl. 10th century), monk and historian [1] Geoffrey of Villehardouin (1150–1210), chronicler of the Fourth Crusade; his account of the Conquest of Constantinople is the oldest surviving historical writing in French. [5] Enguerrand de Monstrelet (c. 1400–1453), chronicler [1]
French and English were already the second languages of choice in Britain and France respectively. Eventually this developed into a political policy as the new united Germany was seen as a potential threat. Louis Blériot, for example, crossed the Channel in an aeroplane in 1909. Many saw this as symbolic of the connection between the two ...
By 1424, French estates were sold widely from noble to commoner, and by both English and French. In 1417, English settlers had arrived to purchase estates in coastal cities like Cherbourg, Caen and Harfleur. However, for matters of security of English-controlled France, the English soldiers were valued highest for the disposal of French estates.
English continued to be used on a modest scale to write local religious works and some poems in the north of England, but most major works were produced in Latin or French. [168] Music and singing were important in England during the medieval period, being used in religious ceremonies, court occasions and to accompany theatrical works. [169]
Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay (1800–1859) – English writer and historian whose most famous work was The History of England from the Accession of James the Second John Morrill (born 1946) Seventeenth-century political and military history
The official style of Charles II was "Charles the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." [144] The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English monarch since Edward III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled.
Gildas, a fifth-century Romano-British monk, was the first major historian of Wales and England.His De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (in Latin, "On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain") records the downfall of the Britons at the hands of Saxon invaders, emphasizing God's anger and providential punishment of an entire nation, in an echo of Old Testament themes.