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Needle sharing is the practice of intravenous drug-users by which a needle or syringe is shared by multiple individuals to administer intravenous drugs such as heroin, steroids, and hormones. [1] This is a primary vector for blood-borne diseases which can be transmitted through blood (blood-borne pathogens). [ 2 ]
The transfer of and exposure to bodily fluids, such as blood transfusions and other blood products, sharing injection needles, needle-stick injuries (when medical staff are inadvertently jabbed or pricked with needles during medical procedures), sharing tattoo needles, and childbirth are other avenues of transmission.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection is a multi-faceted, chronic condition that significantly impacts public health.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 2 to 15% of those infected with HIV are also affected by HCV, increasing their risk of morbidity and mortality due to accelerated liver disease.
These include sharing needles and forgoing condoms with HIV-positive sexual partners. [3] Cases have been reported globally and studies have shown the incidence rate to be 0–7.7% per year. [ 3 ] Research from Uganda published in 2012 indicates that HIV superinfection among HIV-infected individuals within a general population remains unknown ...
The risk from sharing a needle during drug injection is between 0.63% and 2.4% per act, with an average of 0.8%. [72] The risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV-infected person is estimated as 0.3% (about 1 in 333) per act and the risk following mucous membrane exposure to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act. [54]
Another cause is the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4 + T cells during the acute phase of disease. [ 7 ] This results in the systemic exposure of the immune system to microbial components of the gut’s normal flora, which in a healthy person is kept in check by the ...
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Syphilis (/ ˈ s ɪ f ə l ɪ s /) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. [1] The signs and symptoms depend on the stage it presents: primary, secondary, latent or tertiary.