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Commercial reference electrodes consist of a glass or plastic tube electrode body. The electrode consists of a metallic silver wire (Ag (s)) coated with a thin layer of silver chloride (AgCl), either physically by dipping the wire in molten silver chloride, chemically by electroplating the wire in concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) [3] or electrochemically by oxidising the silver at an anode ...
It is usually the internal reference electrode in pH meters and it is often used as a reference in reduction potential measurements. As an example of the latter, the silver chloride electrode is the most commonly used reference electrode for testing cathodic protection corrosion control systems in seawater environments. [15]
Portable, or field pH meters, are handheld pH meters that are used to take the pH of a sample in a field or production site. [19] In-line or in situ pH meters, also called pH analyzers, are used to measure pH continuously in a process, and can stand-alone, or be connected to a higher level information system for process control. [20]
The simplicity of construction meant that the electrode could be made small enough to be swallowed. Thin copper wires were attached to the electrode and one terminal on a pH meter. The subject's foot was placed in a saline solution. A calomel reference electrode was also placed in this solution and was connected to the other terminal on the ...
Most electrodes work over a limited range of conditions, such as pH or temperature, outside of this range the electrodes behavior becomes unpredictable. The advantage of a pseudo-reference electrode is that the resulting variation is factored into the system allowing researchers to accurately study systems over a wide range of conditions.
A silver chloride reference electrode (left) and glass pH electrode (right) Because of the ion-exchange nature of the glass membrane, it is possible for some other ions to concurrently interact with ion-exchange sites of the glass, and distort the linear dependence of the measured electrode potential on pH or other electrode functions. In some ...
Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as the silver chloride electrode. The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured with a glass electrode and a pH meter or a color-changing indicator.
Potentiometry passively measures the potential of a solution between two electrodes, affecting the solution very little in the process. One electrode is called the reference electrode and has a constant potential, while the other one is an indicator electrode whose potential changes with the sample's composition. Therefore, the difference in ...