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A position that adrafinil is an unapproved drug was indicated in a warning letter [1] by the FDA in 2019: “Your [particular] products [subject to this warning] [including] Adrafinil…are not generally recognized as safe and effective for the above referenced uses and, therefore, these products are 'new drugs' under section 201(p) of the Act.
Besides their potential medical use, modafinil analogues, including adrafinil, flmodafinil, fladrafinil, and modafiendz, are also sold online as substances that are believed to improve cognitive functions such as memory and focus (nootropics or "cognitive enhancers"). [1] [9] [10] [11]
Chemically, fladrafinil is a derivative of adrafinil (N-hydroxymodafinil) and is also known as bisfluoroadrafinil (it is the bis(4-fluoro) phenyl ring-substituted derivative of adrafinil). [1] It is closely related to flmodafinil (CRL-40,940; bisfluoromodafinil).
Modafinil can stimulate the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, hormones that activate the sympathetic nervous system. This can cause vasoconstriction, which is the narrowing of blood vessels, and increase the heart's workload, which is not desired in people with pre-existing heart conditions. In particular, modafinil can worsen the ...
Armodafinil, sold under the brand name Nuvigil, is a wakefulness-promoting medication which is used to treat excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and shift work disorder. [1]
Adrafinil acts as a prodrug of modafinil and hence shares its mechanism of action. [13] Certain other drugs acting as atypical DRIs with known or potential wakefulness-promoting effects include solriamfetol (also a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ), [ 14 ] [ 15 ] vanoxerine , [ 16 ] phenylpiracetam , [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] and mesocarb .