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The Battle of Mons Graupius was, according to Tacitus, a Roman military victory in what is now Scotland, taking place in AD 83 or, less probably, 84. The exact location of the battle is a matter of debate. Historians have long questioned some details of Tacitus's account of the fight, suggesting that he exaggerated Roman success.
19th-century print depicting Calgacus delivering his speech to the Caledonians. According to Tacitus, Calgacus (sometimes Calgacos or Galgacus) was a chieftain of the Caledonian Confederacy who fought the Roman army of Gnaeus Julius Agricola at the Battle of Mons Graupius in northern Scotland in AD 83 or 84.
Surenne analysed the noted historic battle of Mons Graupius and concluded in a letter to Sir Walter Scott [4] that the most likely location of this first recorded battle in Scottish history was in the vicinity of Kempstone Hill and the Raedykes Roman Camp. [5]
In the summer of AD 84, the Romans faced the massed armies of the Caledonians at the Battle of Mons Graupius. Agricola, whose forces included a fleet, arrived at the site with light infantry bolstered with British auxiliaries. It is estimated that a total of 20,000 Romans faced 30,000 Caledonian warriors. [44] [45]
Possible date of the Battle of Mons Graupius (AD 83 or 84): According to Tacitus, 10,000 Britons and 360 Romans are killed. Emperor Domitian fights the Chatti, a Germanic tribe. His victory allows the construction of fortifications along the Rhine-frontier. [1] The Roman fort Inchtuthil is built in Scotland. Domitian is, again, also a Roman Consul.
The Battle of Mons Graupius took place in 83 or 84 AD between the Roman army and a coalition of Vacomagi, Caledonii and other native tribes. [bj] The combined might of the Roman army resulted in a decisive victory for the Roman general Agricola. [bk] The Mither Tap of Bennachie is possibly ? Mons Graupius.
The legion also participated in the decisive Battle of Mons Graupius. The last attested activity of the Ninth in Britain is during the rebuilding in stone of the legionary fortress at York (Eboracum) in 108. This is recorded in an inscribed stone tablet discovered in 1864, now displayed in the Yorkshire Museum in York. [3]
In what follows, we are told of the background to the battle of Mons Graupius, including the death of Agricola's son (Tac. Ag. 29). [2] Tacitus then reports a long pre-battle speech by one of the leaders of the Britons, called Calgacus (Tac. Ag. 30–32). [2] Following this, Tacitus reports Agricola's own speech (Tac. Ag. 33–34). [2]