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A ganzfeld experiment (from the German words for "entire" and "field") is an assessment used by parapsychologists that they contend can test for extrasensory perception (ESP) or telepathy. In these experiments, a "sender" attempts to mentally transmit an image to a "receiver" who is in a state of sensory deprivation .
The results of many tests using Zener cards fit with a typical normal distribution. Probability predicts these test results for a test of 25 questions with five possible answers if chance is operating: 79.3% of people will get between 3 and 7 correct. 10.9% will get 8 or more correct. One person in 73,700 will get 15 or more correct.
In a telepathy experiment, the "sender" looks at a series of cards while the "receiver" guesses the symbols. To try to observe clairvoyance, the pack of cards is hidden from everyone while the receiver guesses. To try to observe precognition, the order of the cards is determined after the guesses are made. Later he used dice to test for ...
Clairvoyance experiments were reported in 1884 by Charles Richet. Playing cards were enclosed in envelopes and a subject under hypnosis attempted to identify them. The subject was reported to have been successful in a series of 133 trials but the results dropped to chance level when performed before a group of scientists in Cambridge. J. M.
Ganzfeld experiment – Pseudoscientific test for extrasensory perception (ESP) Visual release hallucinations – Experience of hallucinations by blind people; Closed-eye hallucination – Class of hallucination; Dark retreat – Tibetan Buddhism advanced practice; Hypnagogia – State of consciousness leading into sleep
Helmut Schmidt (21 February 1928 – 18 August 2011) was a German-born physicist and parapsychologist whose experiments on extrasensory perception were widely criticized for machine bias, methodological errors and lack of replication. Critics also noted that necessary precautions were not taken to rule out the possibility of fraud.
Subjects were required to indicate whenever they felt that they were being watched. The experiment "failed to demonstrate a clear-cut effect". [8] Parapsychologist Rupert Sheldrake carried out a number of experiments on the effect in the 2000s, and reported subjects exhibiting a weak sense of being stared at, but no sense of not being stared at.
They concluded the results from some of their experiments supported dream telepathy. [4] The picture target experiments that were conducted by Krippner and Ullman were criticized by C. E. M. Hansel. According to Hansel there were weaknesses in the design of the experiments in the way in which the agent became aware of their target picture.