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Congruence permits alteration of some properties, such as location and orientation, but leaves others unchanged, like distances and angles. The unchanged properties are called invariants . In geometry , two figures or objects are congruent if they have the same shape and size , or if one has the same shape and size as the mirror image of the other.
The orange and green quadrilaterals are congruent; the blue one is not congruent to them. Congruence between the orange and green ones is established in that side BC corresponds to (in this case of congruence, equals in length) JK, CD corresponds to KL, DA corresponds to LI, and AB corresponds to IJ, while angle ∠C corresponds to (equals) angle ∠K, ∠D corresponds to ∠L, ∠A ...
The lattice Con(A) of all congruence relations on an algebra A is algebraic. John M. Howie described how semigroup theory illustrates congruence relations in universal algebra: In a group a congruence is determined if we know a single congruence class, in particular if we know the normal subgroup which is the class containing the identity.
In the theory of smooth manifolds, a congruence is the set of integral curves defined by a nonvanishing vector field defined on the manifold. Congruences are an important concept in general relativity , and are also important in parts of Riemannian geometry .
In abstract algebra, congruence relations on the underlying set of an algebra allow the algebra to induce an algebra on the equivalence classes of the relation, called a quotient algebra. In linear algebra, a quotient space is a vector space formed by taking a quotient group, where the quotient homomorphism is a linear map.
Clement's congruence-based theorem characterizes the twin primes pairs of the form (, +) through the following conditions: [()! +] ((+)), +P. A. Clement's original 1949 paper [2] provides a proof of this interesting elementary number theoretic criteria for twin primality based on Wilson's theorem.
The Sierpiński triangle may be constructed from an equilateral triangle by repeated removal of triangular subsets: . Start with an equilateral triangle. Subdivide it into four smaller congruent equilateral triangles and remove the central triangle.
In geometry, an isosceles triangle (/ aɪ ˈ s ɒ s ə l iː z /) is a triangle that has two sides of equal length or two angles of equal measure. Sometimes it is specified as having exactly two sides of equal length, and sometimes as having at least two sides of equal length, the latter version thus including the equilateral triangle as a special case.