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Neutron stars are known that have rotation periods from about 1.4 ms to 30 s. The neutron star's density also gives it very high surface gravity, with typical values ranging from 10 12 to 10 13 m/s 2 (more than 10 11 times that of Earth). [21]
Representative lifetimes of stars as a function of their masses The change in size with time of a Sun-like star Artist's depiction of the life cycle of a Sun-like star, starting as a main-sequence star at lower left then expanding through the subgiant and giant phases, until its outer envelope is expelled to form a planetary nebula at upper right Chart of stellar evolution
Neutron stars are the collapsed cores of supergiant stars. [1] They are created as a result of supernovas and gravitational collapse, [2] and are the second-smallest and densest class of stellar objects. [3] In the cores of these stars, protons and electrons combine to form neutrons. [2] Neutron stars can be classified as pulsars if they are ...
The main trait that sets magnetars apart from other neutron stars is a magnetic field 1,000 to 10,000 times stronger than an ordinary neutron star's magnetism and a trillion times that of the sun.
The habitability of neutron star systems is the potential of planets and moons orbiting a neutron star to provide suitable habitats for life. [1] Of the roughly 3000 neutron stars known, only a handful have sub-stellar companions. The most famous of these are the low-mass planets around the millisecond pulsar PSR B1257+12.
PSR J0952–0607 is a massive millisecond pulsar in a binary system, located between 3,200–5,700 light-years (970–1,740 pc) from Earth in the constellation Sextans. [6] It holds the record for being the most massive neutron star known as of 2022, with a mass 2.35 ± 0.17 times that of the Sun—potentially close to the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff mass upper limit for neutron stars.
The Sun loses 10 −14 M ☉ every year, [78] or about 0.01% of its total mass over its entire lifespan. However, very massive stars can lose 10 −7 to 10 −5 M ☉ each year, significantly affecting their evolution. [79] Stars that begin with more than 50 M ☉ can lose over half their total mass while on the main sequence. [80]
Protons, a more stable particle, have long life spans, to the order of 10 to the power of 32 years, Singh said. Neutrons, on the other hand, live only an average 15 minutes.